Morphine: Uses, Dosage, Side Effects & Precautions
Uses
Morphine is a powerful opioid analgesic used to relieve moderate to severe pain. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, altering the perception and response to pain. Common uses include:
- Acute pain relief after surgery or injury.
- Chronic pain management, especially in cancer or terminal illnesses.
- Pain management in palliative care or end-of-life care.
Dosage
The dosage of morphine depends on the patient's condition, pain severity, and tolerance. It is available in various forms: tablets, capsules, injections, and oral solutions.
-
Immediate-release tablets/oral solution:
- Initial dose for adults: 10–30 mg every 4 hours as needed.
-
Extended-release tablets/capsules:
- Initial dose: 15–30 mg every 12 or 24 hours, adjusted as needed.
-
Intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) injection:
- Typical dose: 2.5–15 mg every 2–4 hours.
Always follow your doctor's instructions and never adjust the dosage without medical guidance.
Side Effects
Common side effects:
- Drowsiness or sedation.
- Dizziness or lightheadedness.
- Constipation.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Dry mouth.
Serious side effects (seek immediate medical attention):
- Difficulty breathing or slow breathing (respiratory depression).
- Severe drowsiness or confusion.
- Low blood pressure (hypotension).
- Dependence or addiction with long-term use.
Precautions
- Respiratory Conditions: Avoid morphine in patients with respiratory depression, asthma, or COPD without a doctor's approval.
- Liver/Kidney Impairment: Dose adjustments may be necessary.
- Pregnancy/Breastfeeding: Avoid use unless absolutely necessary; it can cause neonatal withdrawal symptoms or respiratory depression.
- Risk of Addiction: Morphine has a high potential for abuse and dependence. Use only as prescribed.
- Drug Interactions:
- Avoid alcohol and sedatives, as they increase the risk of respiratory depression.
- Inform your doctor about other medications, especially antidepressants or other opioids.
- Driving and Machinery: Avoid activities requiring alertness, as morphine may cause drowsiness or impair judgment.
Overdose Signs:
- Slow or shallow breathing.
- Extreme drowsiness or unresponsiveness.
- Cold or clammy skin.
- Pinpoint pupils.
If overdose is suspected, seek emergency medical attention or administer naloxone if available.
Key Notes:
- Take morphine exactly as prescribed; do not crush or chew extended-release tablets.
- Stay hydrated and use stool softeners or laxatives to manage constipation.
- Report any unusual side effects to your doctor.
Morphine should be used with caution and under close medical supervision to ensure safe and effective pain relief.